Hybrid Embedding and GPT-5 Instruction-Augmented Framework for Arabic Hate Speech Detection
Subject Areas : Natural Language ProcessingAnas Khudhur Abbas al juboori 1 , Heshaam Faili 2 *
1 - University of Tehran, Department Pardis Alborz, Computer Engineering
2 - Tehran University
Keywords: Hate speech, Large language model, Supervised fine tuning, Arabic, ,
Abstract :
Hate speech refers to expressions that incite violence, hostility, or discrimination against individuals or groups based on attributes such as religion, ethnicity, gender, or national origin. With the rapid growth of social media, hate speech and abusive language have become increasingly widespread, raising concerns about user safety, social cohesion, and responsible online communication. Detecting such content is highly challenging due to the massive scale of user-generated posts, the informal and evolving nature of online dialects, and the limitations of current automated systems. While significant progress has been achieved in high-resource languages such as English, research on Arabic, particularly its dialectal varieties, remains limited despite its global importance. This study addresses these gaps by proposing a comprehensive methodology for hate speech and abusive language detection in Arabic. We adopt hybrid embeddings by combining AraBERT-v2 with Multilingual MPNet to capture both dialect-specific and cross-lingual semantic features. Dimensionality reduction with UMAP and clustering using HDBSCAN are refined iteratively through Silhouette and Coherence scores. From these clusters, linguistic grounded instructions are generated with GPT-5 and evaluated using a two-stage process: LLM-as-a-Judge prompt evaluations for automated assessment, followed by human validation to eliminate ambiguous cases. The refined instructions are then used to fine-tune a classifier on the L-HSAB dataset. The final instruction-augmented model achieved over 92% accuracy, demonstrating that combining hybrid embeddings, adaptive clustering, and instruction-based fine-tuning provides an effective framework for dialectal Arabic hate speech detection and can be extended to other languages.
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